> ## Content Index > Fetch the complete content index at: https://www.whiteroseintelligence.com/llms.txt > Use this file to discover other available public pages before exploring further. # Operation Dark Winter - URL: https://www.whiteroseintelligence.com/operation-dark-winter/ - Published: 1999-01-02T21:43:00.000Z - Updated: 2025-04-29T22:39:04.000Z - Author: Liam Sturgess - Tags: Profiles, #docs, #event The **Dark Winter exercise**, alternatively known as **Operation Dark Winter** or simply **Dark Winter**, was a bioterrorism exercise that took place on June 22-23, 2001 at Andrews Air Force Base in Camp Springs, Maryland. The exercise simulated a covert smallpox attack on citizens of the United States.[\[1\]](#fn1) ## Participants The concept, design and script of the simulation were created by Tara O'Toole and Tom Inglesby along with Randy Larsen and Mark DeMier. ### Individuals - Sian Edwards - [David Gergen](https://www.whiteroseintelligence.com/David-Gergen) - Margaret Hamburg - Jerome Hauer - Frank Keating - Dan Mahoney - Jim Miklaszewski - Judith Miller - Sam Nunn - Lester Reingold - William Sessions - George Terwilliger - John H. Tilelli Jr. - Mary Walsh - John White - Frank Wisner - James Woolsey ### Organizations The simulation was a collaborative effort led by the Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies (now called the [Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security](https://www.whiteroseintelligence.com/Johns-Hopkins-Center-for-Health-Security)) in collaboration with the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), ANSER Institute for Homeland Security and the Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT). ## External links - [Campfire Wiki](https://www.campfire.wiki/doku.php?id=dark%5Fwinter) - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%5FDark%5FWinter) - [Wikispooks](https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Operation%5FDark%5FWinter) --- 1. *Dark Winter.* Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from [↩︎](#fnref1)